Sectoral specialisation in the EU a macroeconomic perspective

(1985-1990)

BE

DE GR

ES

FR

IE

IT

LU

NL

AT

PT

FI

DK

SE

UK

EU

EA

USA

Total economy

2.0

1.6      -

1.3

2.3

3.5

2.0

4.4

0.7

2.6

4.1

3.1

1.3

1.5

1.3

1.7

1.8

1.0

Agriculture

2.7

6.6     -

4.9

4.5

-

4.4

0.2

5.4

3.5

6.3

6.0

6.6

5.8

1.3

4.8

5.0

1.8

Mining and quarrying

21.3

-1.2      -

3.2

-

-

5.6

18.3

0.3

3.1

-

14.3

18.4

4.0

5.8

3.0

2.1

6.9

Total manufacturing

Food products,

3.3

1.2      -

2.8

3.0

4.0

2.9

6.6

1.6

3.5

3.5

4.8

0.3

1.9

4.0

2.4

2.2

2.6

beverages and tobacco
Textiles, textile products,

3.8

0.9      -

1.3

2.6

5.4

2.7

0.9

2.3

3.8

1.3

3.5

1.4

-0.9

2.5

2.0

1.9

-1.3

leather and footwear

7.0

2.7      -

1.4

1.8

1.9

2.6

23.6

-1.8

1.4

3.0

2.4

0.6

0.6

2.4

2.0

1.9

3.2

Wood and products
of wood and cork

6.7

0.5      -

2.0

2.1

5.2

3.9

-

1.0

0.8

8.6

5.1

-6.2

7.2

1.1

2.1

2.5

0.3

Pulp, paper, paper products,
printing and publishing

6.2

-0.1      -

-1.3

3.6

7.7

3.0

5.7

1.4

5.5

0.0

4.1

-3.0

2.1

4.9

2.1

1.6

-0.7

Rubber, plastics
and fuel products
Chemicals and

2.4

-0.7      -

-5.9

1.1

-0.5

-5.4

10.3

2.6

3.0

7.3

6.0

0.6

6.6

1.6

-0.7

-1.2

-1.5

chemical products

Other non-metallic

2.6

1.5       -

5.8

6.2

5.2

5.6

7.8

2.6

6.4

4.0

3.9

1.5

5.5

4.8

3.8

3.6

4.9

mineral products

Basic metals and

7.8

2.9      -

4.0

4.5

-1.1

3.7

6.5

0.6

0.7

5.1

4.0

0.3

2.3

3.9

3.4

3.4

2.6

fabricated metal products

2.6

1.7      -

2.7

4.6

3.6

3.3

5.0

1.4

1.0

10.7

5.9

-0.4

2.1

2.3

2.7

2.8

1.8

Machinery and equipment

1.5

0.9      -

4.3

0.1

3.2

3.7

3.9

0.6

5.1

2.8

5.2

0.8

2.4

4.2

1.9

1.6

8.1

Transport equipment
Manufacturing NEC;

-0.5

0.6      -

8.4

3.0

4.1

5.3

8.2

1.8

0.5

8.0

3.7

2.6

-3.5

8.5

3.3

2.4

-1.9

recycling

2.9

1.5      -

4.6

5.5

-3.8

-1.5

4.1

2.8

8.0

1.4

4.1

-0.9

3.8

2.9

2.2

2.2

1.1

Low technology intensity
Medium-low technology

5.2

1.6      -

1.6

2.7

5.0

2.9

9.1

1.5

3.1

2.2

3.9

1.5

-0.1

2.7

2.2

2.1

0.5

intensity

Medium-high technology

5.3

0.5      -

1.3

4.0

3.7

1.9

5.2

1.9

5.1

2.5

4.4

-2.7

2.8

4.0

2.2

2.0

-0.2

intensity

3.4

1.4       -

1.3

3.7

0.8

1.4

6.4

1.6

1.2

7.5

5.5

0.0

3.2

2.5

2.1

2.0

1.0

High technology intensity

1.5

0.9      -

6.2

2.4

3.5

4.5

5.0

1.5

4.5

4.0

4.8

1.4

1.1

5.4

2.6

2.2

4.4

Electricity, gas
and water supply

4.3

3.1      -

5.4

6.2

6.1

0.4

3.7

1.3

4.3

1.7

3.5

0.0

2.0

4.6

3.7

3.4

3.4

Construction

2.6

1.4      -

-0.2

2.7

-

2.9

1.4

0.6

1.3

4.7

1.6

1.1

0.9

1.7

1.4

1.6

-0.2

Business services

1.2

2.1      -

-0.2

1.8

-

1.7

4.0

-0.2

2.5

3.6

2.7

1.5

-

1.0

1.4

1.5

0.8

Wholesale and retail
trade; restaurants
and hotels

-0.8

1.7      -

-1.0

3.1

-

2.0

5.1

0.2

2.5

1.6

3.3

-0.2

-

1.9

1.5

1.5

0.7

Wholesale and
retail trade

-1.1

2.2      -

-1.4

4.7

-

2.7

4.9

-

3.6

2.1

3.5

0.0

2.4

-

2.0

2.1

0.6

Restaurants and hotels

1.9

-0.6      -

-0.4

-3.7

-

-0.9

4.4

-

-0.4

-0.1

2.6

-1.1

-

-

-1.0

-1.4

1.9

Transport and storage
and communication

3.5

2.2      -

3.2

4.6

-

4.0

10.9

2.3

3.1

5.5

4.1

4.5

-

2.7

3.2

3.3

1.8

Transport and storage

-

1.1       -

3.3

3.2

-

3.7

-

2.3

2.6

1.9

3.4

5.3

-

-

2.6

2.6

0.8

Post and telecommunication -

3.9      -

1.5

7.3

-

5.3

-

1.7

4.4

15.9

6.9

3.5

-

-

4.6

4.8

3.3

Finance, insurance,
real estate and business

services

0.7

1.0      -

-1.2

-0.6

-

-1.6

-1.1

-1.7

1.7

4.2

0.2

0.7

-3.7

-1.1

-0.4

-0.2

-0.3

Financial intermedistion

-

2.7      -

5.3

1.5

-

3.5

-0.3

-

2.4

18.5

5.2

3.6

0.9

-

2.0

2.9

0.5

Real estate, renting and
business activities

-

-0.1      -

-5.2

-1.6

-

-3.7

-2.1

-

1.2

-4.7

-1.9

-0.5

-5.1

-

-1.5

-1.7

-0.9

Community social
and personal services

1.0

-0.3      -

0.0

0.6

-

-0.9

4.3

0.5

0.1

1.4

0.6

0.0

-

0.1

0.0

-0.1

0.4