Consumption Behaviour in Zambia: The Link to Poverty Alleviation?



K. Ludi: consumption behaviour in Zambia

22


Appendix B

Cointegration Unit Root Test

H0: no cointegration (non-stationary residuals)

H1: cointegration (stationary residuals)

Reject H0 if ADF critical value

Table 11: MacKinnon critical values for the ADF test (T = 31)

n

Model

%

Φ

Φ1

Φ2

C(p)

3

constant, no trend

1

-4.2981

-13.79

-46.37

-4.79119

5

-3.7429

-8.352

-13.41

-4.02627

..............10.............

...........-3.4518........

-6.241

-2.79

.......-3.65603.......

3

constant, + trend

1

-4.6678

-18.492

-49.35

-5.31567

5

-4.1193

-12.024

-13.13

-4.52083

10

-3.8344

-9.188

-4.85

-4.13583

Source: Own summary

ADF = -4.282 (constant, no trend)

ADF = -4.234 (constant, + trend)

ADF is statistically significant at a 5 per cent level of significance in the case of
‘constant, no trend’ and at a 10 per cent of significance in the case of ‘constant, +
trend’.

Reject H0

The residuals are stationary there is cointegration



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