Table 7
(a) Probit estimates of marginal effects evaluated at the means of explanatory variables: those who thought that immigration would depress wages on average
|
EU |
AT |
DE |
DK |
ES |
FI |
FR |
GR |
IE |
IT |
LU |
NL |
PT |
SE |
UK | |
|
employ |
-0.043 |
-0.448 *** |
-0.092 |
0.088 |
-0.197 |
-0.019 |
-0.009 |
-0.019 |
-0.083 |
0.061 |
0.338 |
0.188 |
0.106 |
0.237 |
-0.218 |
|
0.055 |
0.161 |
0.147 |
0.294 |
0.155 |
0.158 |
0.158 |
0.025 |
0.104 |
0.370 |
0.187 |
0.186 |
0.052 |
0.373 |
0.213 | |
|
employ x isb |
0.038 |
0.250 ** |
0.025 |
-0.089 |
0.061 |
0.023 |
0.085 |
0.018 |
0.133 |
0.011 |
-0.454 * |
-0.115 |
-0.086 * |
-0.228 |
0.210 |
|
0.042 |
0.126 |
0.131 |
0.219 |
0.107 |
0.137 |
0.094 |
0.019 |
0.128 |
0.312 |
0.265 |
0.202 |
0.044 |
0.213 |
0.206 | |
|
unemploy |
0.117 ** |
0.099 |
0.040 |
-0.570 |
0.271 * |
-0.091 |
0.244 ** |
-0.080 |
-0.058 |
-0.631 *** |
∆ |
0.326 |
0.055 |
0.114 |
0.143 |
|
0.055 |
0.194 |
0.130 |
0.113 |
0.102 |
0.130 |
0.084 |
0.122 |
0.282 |
0.069 |
0.064 |
0.184 |
0.353 |
0.180 | ||
|
unemploy x isb |
-0.025 |
-0.073 |
0.053 |
1.011 |
-0.146 ** |
0.122 |
-0.155 ** |
0.047 |
0.060 |
1.413 *** |
∆ |
-0.412 |
-0.174 |
-0.236 |
-0.195 |
|
0.043 |
0.183 |
0.087 |
0.691 |
0.073 |
0.084 |
0.065 |
0.035 |
0.263 |
0.328 |
0.349 |
0.140 |
0.222 |
0.202 | ||
|
isb |
0.004 |
0.025 |
-0.015 |
-0.133 |
0.016 |
-0.083 ** |
0.024 |
0.004 |
-0.097 ** |
-0.103 |
0.265 *** |
0.026 |
0.026 |
0.015 |
-0.065 |
|
0.013 |
0.038 |
0.033 |
0.081 |
0.029 |
0.039 |
0.021 |
0.004 |
0.047 |
0.177 |
0.098 |
0.057 |
0.020 |
0.048 |
0.061 | |
|
relinc |
-0.004 |
-0.015 |
0.007 |
-0.023 |
0.035 |
-0.024 |
-0.019 |
0.001 |
-0.014 |
-0.073 |
-0.073 |
0.016 |
0.025 *** |
0.094 ** |
0.000 |
|
0.009 |
0.011 |
0.025 |
0.059 |
0.022 |
0.020 |
0.016 |
0.008 |
0.027 |
0.045 |
0.071 |
0.047 |
0.009 |
0.041 |
0.020 | |
|
ed0 |
0.100 * |
0.218 |
t |
t |
0.138 |
-0.174 |
0.041 |
0.012 |
0.204 |
-0.012 |
0.245 |
-0.012 |
0.046 |
f(2) |
f(1) |
|
0.049 |
0.099 |
0.095 |
0.136 |
0.109 |
0.037 |
0.160 |
0.163 |
0.195 |
0.263 |
0.105 | |||||
|
ed1 |
0.054 ** |
0.024 |
0.128 ** |
0.303 *** |
0.064 |
0.002 |
0.028 |
0.014 |
0.068 |
-0.023 |
0.040 |
0.047 |
-0.094 *** |
0.149 |
-0.002 |
|
0.026 |
0.049 |
0.055 |
0.059 |
0.079 |
0.037 |
0.062 |
0.025 |
0.049 |
0.118 |
0.088 |
0.049 |
0.017 |
0.094 |
0.039 | |
|
ed3 |
-0.142 *** |
-0.066 |
-0.052 |
-0.170 ** |
-0.001 |
-0.065 *** |
-0.241 *** |
-0.092 *** |
-0.054 |
-0.103 |
-0.151 |
-0.142 * |
-0.162 * |
-0.090 |
-0.286 *** |
|
0.036 |
0.134 |
0.052 |
0.083 |
0.110 |
0.017 |
0.035 |
0.040 |
0.088 |
0.244 |
0.126 |
0.087 |
0.089 |
0.121 |
0.068 | |
|
media |
-0.010 |
0.005 |
-0.009 |
0.017 |
0.036 |
0.000 |
-0.018 |
-0.003 |
0.010 |
-0.087 * |
0.021 |
0.005 |
-0.012 |
0.014 |
-0.022 |
|
0.009 |
0.040 |
0.022 |
0.038 |
0.032 |
0.021 |
0.026 |
0.012 |
0.020 |
0.051 |
0.021 |
0.024 |
0.027 |
0.025 |
0.014 | |
|
friend1 |
-0.122 *** |
0.000 |
-0.143 *** |
0.037 |
-0.185 ** |
-0.132 ** |
-0.135 *** |
-0.033 |
-0.006 |
-0.211 * |
0.029 |
-0.059 |
-0.157 *** |
0.026 |
-0.019 |
|
0.019 |
0.073 |
0.026 |
0.075 |
0.077 |
0.064 |
0.051 |
0.021 |
0.059 |
0.106 |
0.103 |
0.072 |
0.066 |
0.084 |
0.047 | |
|
friend2 |
-0.144 *** |
-0.324 *** |
-0.139 *** |
-0.315 *** |
-0.140 |
-0.197 ** |
-0.142 * |
-0.061 |
-0.135 * |
-0.311 |
0.007 |
-0.173 * |
-0.265 ** |
0.115 |
-0.016 |
|
0.033 |
0.083 |
0.040 |
0.096 |
0.114 |
0.094 |
0.081 |
0.054 |
0.066 |
0.171 |
0.112 |
0.095 |
0.136 |
0.075 |
0.089 | |
|
racist |
0.088 *** |
0.008 |
0.101 *** |
0.100 ** |
-0.138 *** |
-0.016 |
0.073 |
0.000 |
0.091 ** |
0.199 *** |
-0.097 * |
0.198 *** |
0.074 ** |
0.151 *** |
0.144 *** |
|
0.018 |
0.064 |
0.033 |
0.044 |
0.027 |
0.023 |
0.053 |
0.019 |
0.036 |
0.077 |
0.058 |
0.053 |
0.037 |
0.049 |
0.035 | |
|
citizen |
0.083 |
0.357 * |
0.238 *** |
-0.283 * |
f(5) |
0.263 *** |
-0.078 |
0.167 * |
-0.059 |
f(1) |
0.264 ** |
-0.008 |
0.089 |
-0.235 |
0.032 |
|
0.055 |
0.211 |
0.066 |
0.121 |
0.080 |
0.098 |
0.106 |
0.103 |
0.110 |
0.219 |
0.181 |
0.318 |
0.195 | |||
|
ethnic |
-0.092 * |
0.055 |
-0.186 * |
0.195 |
-0.080 |
-0.214 |
0.001 |
-0.093 *** |
0.186 |
t |
-0.302 ** |
0.073 |
s(4) |
0.388 |
-0.095 |
|
0.048 |
0.089 |
0.093 |
0.233 |
0.130 |
0.183 |
0.161 |
0.027 |
0.342 |
0.133 |
0.105 |
0.450 |
0.082 | |||
|
fparent |
-0.140 *** |
0.142 ** |
0.027 |
0.041 |
0.201 ** |
-0.058 |
-0.251 *** |
-0.093 *** |
0.146 |
-0.438 * |
0.009 |
-0.057 |
-0.008 |
-0.077 |
-0.245 *** |
|
0.043 |
0.051 |
0.055 |
0.120 |
0.073 |
0.057 |
0.075 |
0.041 |
0.102 |
0.138 |
0.100 |
0.105 |
0.182 |
0.099 |
0.078 | |
|
female |
0.023 |
0.023 |
-0.038 |
-0.087 |
0.007 |
-0.021 |
0.093 ** |
-0.023 |
0.005 |
0.154 ** |
0.056 |
0.011 |
0.048 |
0.036 |
0.015 |
|
0.018 |
0.049 |
0.030 |
0.066 |
0.049 |
0.038 |
0.041 |
0.023 |
0.043 |
0.073 |
0.082 |
0.059 |
0.051 |
0.059 |
0.044 | |
|
age |
0.001 * |
0.002 |
0.001 ** |
0.000 |
0.000 |
0.005 *** |
0.002 |
0.001 *** |
-0.002 * |
0.003 |
-0.001 |
-0.002 * |
0.005 *** |
-0.002 |
0.000 |
|
0.000 |
0.002 |
0.000 |
0.003 |
0.002 |
0.001 |
0.002 |
0.000 |
0.001 |
0.004 |
0.002 |
0.001 |
0.001 |
0.003 |
0.001 | |
|
log pseudolikelihood |
-3881.680 |
-198.120 |
-483.073 |
-140.281 |
-156.771 |
-381.804 |
-320.874 |
-340.813 |
-338.247 |
-85.535 |
-143.813 |
-218.326 |
-225.448 |
-118.934 |
-333.964 |
|
McFadden's (1974) LRI |
0.095 |
0.104 |
0.051 |
0.118 |
0.074 |
0.070 |
0.104 |
0.101 |
0.032 |
0.171 |
0.104 |
0.065 |
0.105 |
0.099 |
0.121 |
|
R2p |
0.169 |
0.071 |
0.148 |
0.142 |
0.178 |
0.066 |
0.248 |
-0.016 |
0.023 |
0.236 |
0.100 |
-0.023 |
0.000 |
0.052 |
0.153 |
|
Sum of PCP |
1.279 |
1.236 |
1.193 |
1.217 |
1.254 |
1.151 |
1.290 |
1.047 |
1.093 |
1.267 |
0.189 |
1.076 |
1.119 |
1.101 |
1.257 |
|
obs. |
6311.000 |
375.000 |
735.000 |
231.000 |
259.000 |
656.000 |
519.000 |
1007.000 |
517.000 |
149.000 |
233.000 |
362.000 |
423.000 |
242.000 |
590.000 |
t All non-missing observations are 0, and the corresponding variable is dropped in estimation.
s(n) n observations predict success perfectly, and the corresponding variable and the n observations are dropped in estimation.
f(n) n observations predict failure perfectly, and the corresponding variable and the n observations are dropped in estimation.
∆ The variable is dropped in estimation due to perfect multicollinearity without 4 perfectly predicting observations: see Stata reference, technical notes on "logit", pp.98-101 (second case).
* 10% ** 5% *** 1%
The three goodness-of-fit measures are described in Verbeek (2004: 194-197). Sum of PCP is the sum of the proportions of correct predictions for anti = 1 and anti = 0.
Sampling weights provided by ESS are applied in maximum likelihood estimation.
For EU, a further weight adjustment is made to reflect the population size of each country.
Estimated standard errors are based on the assumption that observations are not necessarily independent within each region of a country, but are independent across regions of the country.
For EU, 13 country dummies are included with UK being the reference.