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Table 7

(b) Probit estimates of marginal effects evaluated at the means of explanatory variables: those who did not think that immigration would depress wages on average

	EU	AT	DE	DK	ES	FI	FR	GR	IE	IT	LU	NL	PT	SE	UK
employ	-0.005	-0.238	0.068	0.102	-0.127	0.196 ***	0.019	0.089	0.118	0.042	0.362	0.202 *	-0.018	0.117 **	-0.098
	0.037	0.214	0.055	0.116	0.092	0.049	0.160	0.094	0.178	0.147	0.190	0.124	0.074	0.078	0.141
employ x isb	0.045	-0.031	-0.062	-0.102	0.204 ***	-0.206 **	-0.024	0.025	-0.070	0.024	-0.285	-0.111	0.031	-0.032	0.218
	0.034	0.211	0.048	0.105	0.069	0.085	0.102	0.056	0.147	0.160	0.225	0.094	0.044	0.038	0.159
unemploy	0.069	-0.463	0.399 ***	-0.144	0.248 **	0.150	-0.027	-0.439 **	-0.144	-0.049	0.485	-0.237 *	-0.311	-0.070	0.703 **
	0.069	0.254	0.089	0.136	0.095	0.182	0.174	0.132	0.085	0.168	0.604	0.082	0.222	0.031	0.067
unemploy x isb	-0.050	0.568	-0.223 ***	0.092	-0.267 ***	-0.092	0.062	0.446 ***	0.125	0.057	-0.891	0.107	0.198	0.124	-1.188 **
	0.041	0.618	0.041	0.100	0.102	0.174	0.089	0.130	0.144	0.148	1.302	0.147	0.204	0.076	0.466
isb	-0.011	0.049	0.098 ***	0.022	-0.074 **	-0.029 **	-0.003	-0.015	0.003	-0.116	0.209 **	0.046 *	-0.089	-0.013	-0.120 **
	0.014	0.071	0.023	0.050	0.032	0.015	0.027	0.015	0.037	0.088	0.091	0.025	0.056	0.020	0.049
relinc	-0.008	-0.006	0.001	-0.024	-0.024	0.016 *	-0.018	-0.028	0.003	-0.027	0.043	-0.011	-0.026	-0.010	-0.002
	0.005	0.033	0.008	0.029	0.038	0.009	0.017	0.018	0.019	0.025	0.047	0.018	0.016	0.011	0.013
ed0	0.066	0.167	t	s(1)	0.012	0.205	0.118	-0.032	0.223 **	0.249	f(1)	-0.129	0.277 *	f(8)	t
	0.052	0.293			0.134	0.171	0.088	0.132	0.115	0.346		0.151	0.133
ed1	0.080 ***	0.030	0.060	0.067	-0.008	0.022	0.122 **	0.072	0.057 *	0.210 ***	0.083	0.022	0.052	0.025 **	0.107 ***
	0.018	0.037	0.039	0.042	0.068	0.042	0.055	0.077	0.031	0.051	0.077	0.044	0.039	0.012	0.033
ed3	-0.080 ***	-0.050	-0.095 ***	-0.149 ***	0.064	-0.103 **	-0.022	-0.095 **	-0.074 **	0.024	-0.055	-0.153 ***	0.042	-0.047 ***	-0.149 ***
	0.019	0.051	0.029	0.042	0.087	0.049	0.048	0.046	0.026	0.112	0.088	0.030	0.098	0.005	0.041
media	-0.016 **	0.000	-0.029 **	-0.028 **	0.021	0.012	-0.037 *	-0.080 **	-0.017	0.049 **	-0.024	0.012	-0.010	0.000	-0.047 ***
	0.007	0.023	0.011	0.013	0.023	0.016	0.021	0.037	0.013	0.021	0.022	0.010	0.027	0.004	0.014
friend1	-0.085 ***	-0.208 ***	-0.099 ***	-0.127 ***	-0.126 ***	-0.095 **	-0.074 *	-0.224 ***	-0.016	-0.072	0.025	-0.068 ***	-0.045	-0.001	-0.079 **
	0.014	0.041	0.020	0.031	0.047	0.040	0.040	0.084	0.029	0.049	0.091	0.025	0.102	0.020	0.032
friend2	-0.179 ***	-0.299 ***	-0.170 ***	-0.245 ***	-0.327 ***	-0.351 ***	-0.214 ***	-0.194 **	-0.119 ***	-0.185	0.076	-0.068 *	-0.222 ***	-0.044 ***	-0.110 **
	0.018	0.035	0.043	0.077	0.061	0.017	0.031	0.092	0.015	0.047	0.087	0.035	0.046	0.014	0.045
racist	0.140 ***	0.002	0.118 ***	0.128 ***	0.131 ***	0.034	0.170 ***	0.143 *	0.104 ***	0.115 **	0.045	0.125 ***	0.155 **	0.093 ***	0.223 ***
	0.015	0.020	0.031	0.028	0.040	0.033	0.035	0.074	0.032	0.054	0.055	0.037	0.076	0.012	0.041
citizen	0.065 *	-0.188	0.094 *	0.181	0.085 **	0.025	-0.063	0.231 **	0.158 ***	≠	-0.099	-0.085	0.072	-0.011	0.151
	0.033	0.126	0.045	0.106	0.159	0.141	0.118	0.104	0.030		0.106	0.123	0.157	0.033	0.088
ethnic	0.070	0.132 **	-0.041	0.136	f(9)	f(5)	0.108	-0.068	-0.164 *	0.601 **	-0.099	0.055	-0.148	-0.007	0.119
	0.045	0.060	0.095	0.133			0.116	0.142	0.047	0.235	0.141	0.061	0.157	0.048	0.106
fparent	0.007	-0.037	0.033	0.017	-0.061	0.190 **	-0.023	-0.013	0.068	-0.122	-0.156 *	-0.086 **	-0.139	0.048 *	0.037
	0.019	0.034	0.046	0.069	0.125	0.081	0.028	0.077	0.066	0.073	0.085	0.039	0.168	0.032	0.059
female	-0.008	0.001	-0.033	-0.037	0.035	-0.119 ***	0.001	-0.119 *	-0.071 ***	0.015	-0.007	-0.021	0.079	-0.035 **	0.018
	0.013	0.035	0.020	0.040	0.046	0.027	0.052	0.065	0.026	0.053	0.063	0.026	0.076	0.016	0.024
age	0.001 **	0.006 **	0.001	0.004 ***	-0.001	0.008 ***	0.003 *	0.001	0.000	-0.002	0.002	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
	0.000	0.002	0.001	0.001	0.002	0.001	0.001	0.002	0.000	0.002	0.002	0.000	0.002	0.000	0.000
log pseudolikelihood	-5904.455	-414.197	-597.226	-558.850	-260.502	-585.576	-311.356	-146.029	-422.739	-148.411	-202.009	-851.886	-237.864	-402.822	-573.789
McFadden's (1974) LRI	0.095	0.115	0.090	0.086	0.089	0.141	0.117	0.138	0.074	0.102	0.062	0.044	0.089	0.101	0.137
R²p	0.110	0.291	0.035	0.163	0.081	0.289	0.124	0.185	0.051	0.057	0.051	-0.006	0.163	0.028	0.165
Sum of PCP	1.220	1.341	1.112	1.243	1.177	1.339	1.232	1.255	1.077	1.089	1.139	1.038	1.190	1.041	1.257
obs.	10657.000	677.000	1148.000	901.000	423.000	989.000	582.000	248.000	856.000	313.000	316.000	1406.000	379.000	1356.000	1039.000

t All non-missing observations are 0, and the corresponding variable is dropped in estimation.

≠ All non-missing observations are 1, and the corresponding variable is dropped in estimation.

s(n) n observations predict success perfectly, and the corresponding variable and the n observations are dropped in estimation.

f(n) n observations predict failure perfectly, and the corresponding variable and the n observations are dropped in estimation.

* 10% ** 5% *** 1%

The three goodness-of-fit measures are described in Verbeek

(2004: 194-197).

Sum of PCP is the sum of the proportions of correct predictions for anti

1 and anti = 0.

Sampling weights provided by ESS are applied in maximum likelihood estimation.

For EU, a further weight adjustment is made to reflect the population size of each country.

Estimated standard errors are based on the assumption that observations are not necessarily independent within each region of a country, but are independent across regions of the country.

For EU, 13 country dummies are included with UK being the reference.

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