5th and 8th grade pupils’ and teachers’ perceptions of the relationships between teaching methods, classroom ethos, and positive affective attitudes towards learning mathematics in Japan

136

The results of Independent t-tests detailed in Table 4.3.8 and Figure 4.3.7 show that 8^th
graders were more likely to perceive that Individual work and Individual help promoted
motivation than 5^th graders.

Table 4.3.8: Comparison between 5^th and 8^th graders: motivation (2)

Figure 4.3.7: Comparison between 5^th and 8^th graders: motivation

PW = Practical work, UC = Using a ∞mputer, RT= Reading a textbook, TE = Teacher explanation,
IW = Individual work. IH = Individual help. WD = Whole-class discussion. GD = Group discussion

A sense Ofsecurity

Table 4.3.9: Comparison between 5^th and 8^th graders: a sense Ofsecurity (1)

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