5th and 8th grade pupils’ and teachers’ perceptions of the relationships between teaching methods, classroom ethos, and positive affective attitudes towards learning mathematics in Japan

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textbook, Whole-class discussion and Group discussion were deployed more frequently
than 8^th graders perceived.

Table 4.3.13: Comparison between 5^th and 8^th graders: deployment (1)

The results of Independent t-tests outlined in Table 4.3.14 and Figure 4.3.10 show that
8^th graders were more likely to perceive that their teachers deployed Teacher
explanation, Individual work and Individual help than 5^th graders. There were significant
differences between 5^th and 8^th graders in the perceptions of deployment of all teaching
methods.

Table 4.3.14: Comparison between 5^th and 8^th graders: deployment (2)

Figure 4.3.10: Comparison between 5^th and 8^th graders: deployment

PW = Practical work, UC = Using a ∞mputer, RT= Reading a textbook, TE = Teacher explanation,
IW = Individual work, IH = Individual help, WD = Whole-class discussion, GD = Group discussion

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