5th and 8th grade pupils’ and teachers’ perceptions of the relationships between teaching methods, classroom ethos, and positive affective attitudes towards learning mathematics in Japan

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textbook, Whole-class discussion and Group discussion were deployed more frequently
than 8^th graders perceived.

Table 4.3.13: Comparison between 5^th and 8^th graders: deployment (1)

		5^lh graders			8^lh graders__
		N	Mean	SD	N	Mean	SD
Practical Work_______	t=36.409, dt=2356.045, Sig. <.01	1476	2.41	.92	2142	1.42	.61
Using Computer	t=7.543, df=2783.661, Sig. <.01	І473	Из	∏0	^-2143	∏4	∏7
Reading Textbooks	t=10.558, df= 3464.609, Sig. <.01	І473	І4Ї	^-97	2136	∏	1.15
Whole-class Discussion	t=39.511, df=2803.447, Sig. <.01	1459	^126	По	2128	∏6	∏4
Group Discussion	t=29.930, df=2772.860, Sig. <.01	1463	І4І	.92	2124	Из	∏7

The results of Independent t-tests outlined in Table 4.3.14 and Figure 4.3.10 show that
8^th graders were more likely to perceive that their teachers deployed Teacher
explanation, Individual work and Individual help than 5^th graders. There were significant
differences between 5^th and 8^th graders in the perceptions of deployment of all teaching
methods.

Table 4.3.14: Comparison between 5^th and 8^th graders: deployment (2)

		5^lh graders______			8^№ graders________________________
		N_______	Mean	SD	N	Mean	SD
Teacher explanation	t= 11.108, df=3077.741, Sig. <.01	1467	3.61	1.05	2134	4.00	1.01
Individual work_____	t= 10.767, df=2933.929, Sig. <.01	1467	І48	loo і	2134	∏4	∏0
Individual help______	t= 7.485, df=3272.932, Sig. <.01	1472	2.84	Из	2134	IiO	Из

Figure 4.3.10: Comparison between 5^th and 8^th graders: deployment

PW = Practical work, UC = Using a ∞mputer, RT= Reading a textbook, TE = Teacher explanation,
IW = Individual work, IH = Individual help, WD = Whole-class discussion, GD = Group discussion

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