5th and 8th grade pupils’ and teachers’ perceptions of the relationships between teaching methods, classroom ethos, and positive affective attitudes towards learning mathematics in Japan

Always

Nearly
Always

Some
Times

Hardly
Ever

Never

Practical work: Doing practical work in a
small group, for example, making
something together, doing experiments or
investigation.________________________________

Using a computer

Reading a textbook: Reading about
something, for instance, explanations
in textbooks._______________________________

Teacher explanation: Listening to the
teacher explaining to the class and the
teacher asking the class questions._______

Individual work: Doing individual work
such as doing exercises._________________

Individual help: talking to the teacher on
your own about your work.______________

Whole-class discussion: Whole-class
discussion where you give ideas and
you listen to others giving theirs.__________

Group discussion: SmaILgroup
discussion where you give your ideas and
listen to others giving theirs.________________

Practical
work

Using a
computer

Reading a
Textbook

Teacher
explanation

Individual
work

Individual
help______

Whole-class
discussion

Group
discussion