422
BIBLIOGRAPHY
this subject is in Lasteyrie, Geschichte der EinJilhrung der Jeinwolligen
SehaJe in die Verschiedenen europdischen Ldnder (Leipsic, 1804-05,
2 vols). This is a translation and enlargement of the French original,
which went through many editions, and was the basis for most of the
later comments on the topic.
B. Works on Sheep Migrations other than Spanish
The authorities on this topic are fully discussed above, pp. 17, 140-
146,154-155, notes. In addition to the titles there given on southern
Italy, Algeria, Provence and Dauphiné, the Pyrenees, and the Bal-
kans, these may be cited:
165. Cincinnato da Costa, B. C., and Castro, Luis de. Le Portugal au
point de vue agricole. Lisbon, 1900. Pp. 277 fi.
166. Fabre, L. A. A. “ L’État et la dépopulation montagneuse en
France.” In Rev. int. de social. Paris, 1909. Similar articles by the same
author, all attacking sheep migrations as one of the chief causes of depopu-
lation and agrarian decline, are to be found in Annales de géographie, xbq
Bibliog. géog. annuelle, 1909, p. 95; Rev. des sci. écon. pol., Mar., 1909.
167. Smiljanic. Hirlen und Hirten-Nomaden in Sudserbien. Berlin, 1899.
C. General Agricultural Works
Any attempt to supplement Ramirez’s bibliography (No. 15) is.
quite unnecessary here. Colmeiro1S chapters on agriculture and stock
raising (No. 152) are deserving of commendation for their utility in.
the present investigation. Costa, Colectivismo Agrario en Espana
(Madrid, 1898), and Cârdenas, Historia de la Propiedad territorial en
Espafta (Madrid, 1873-75, 2 vols.), are useful on questions of land,
law, especially on commons.
GLOSSARY
TERMS INDICATING LOCAL TAXES LEVIED
UPON SHEEP
The compilation of a general glossary of pastoral terminology as
an appendix to the present study, though undoubtedly useful, has
been considered unnecessary, since the more important terms have
been discussed in the text. The prevalence of uncommon names in
connection with the local taxation of sheep has, however, suggested
the advisability of including the following glossary as an item of
philological interest rather than of economic importance. Several
of the terms here listed, such as almojarifazgo, herbage, and yantar,
were applied originally to sheep taxes levied not by a town govern-
ment but by the lord of the land, whether king, noble, monastery, or
military order. These names frequently continued to be used with
reference to the given taxes even after they had been alienated by the
land owner and had become the property of a local government. The
present glossary includes most of the miscellaneous taxes which were
collected by towns from Mesta flocks at one time or another in the
courses of the Middle Ages and early modern times. The two most
important local imposts, the montazgo and the portazgo, and the
ecclesiastical diezmo or tithe usually collected by the local church, are
omitted because they are discussed at length in the text (pp. 163 ff.,
242-244). It should be clearly understood that by no means all of
the taxes here enumerated were confined exclusively to sheep. Several
of them, for example the martiniega, almojarifazgo, and castilleria,
were not so limited; they are included here because of the constant
difficulties arising between the herdsmen and the local fiscal officials
intrusted with the collection of such imposts. Most of the taxes
listed in this glossary, however, were assessed only upon flocks, as
is indicated in the definitions given.
The sources from which these definitions have chiefly been derived,
aside from the manuscripts and codes (Fuero Juzgo, Partidas, Nueva
Recopilacibn, etc.) as noted, are the following:
Berganza, Antiguedades de Espana. Madrid, 1720-21. 2 vols.
Borao, Ducionario de Voces Aragonesas. Saragossa, 1884.
Canga Argiielles, Diccionario de Hacienda. Madrid, 1833-34. 2 vols.
4a3