Tobacco and Alcohol: Complements or Substitutes? - A Statistical Guinea Pig Approach

Table 11: Males: structural form estimates

Parameter

Ex. Variable

Drinking

Smoking

Estimate

St. Error

Estimate

St. Error

γa

fitted smoking

0.135**

0.041

-

-

γc

fitted drinking

-

-

-0.159**

0.055

father monthly drinker

2.108**

0.458

-

-

father weekly drinker

4.529**

0.533

-

-

δa

father daily drinker

6.122**

0.547

-

-

mother monthly drinker

2.813**

0.414

-

-

mother weekly drinker

4.855**

0.563

-

-

mother daily drinker

4.279**

0.885

-

-

father ex-smoker

-

-

4.209**

0.596

δc

father smoker

-

-

7.697**

0.557

mother ex-smoker

-

-

2.824**

0.592

mother smoker

-

-

7.092**

0.544

constant

-12.869**

3.167

-42.937**

3.797

year 1986

-1.048

0.666

-4.218**

0.727

year 1990

-1.494*

0.593

-6.119**

0.603

year 1992

-4.694**

1.218

-7.970**

1.220

west

-8.001**

0.922

-3.481**

0.954

age

2.467**

0.242

4.134**

0.311

age²/100

-3.472**

0.441

-6.696**

0.548

parents married

-0.034

0.608

-2.142**

0.615

father has low degree

0.940

0.656

-1.264

0.671

β

father has medium degree

0.150

0.779

-2.234**

0.768

father has high degree

-0.972

1.225

-2.771*

1.375

father has uni degree

0.432

0.839

-3.903**

0.957

mother has low degree

-0.536

0.397

-0.593

0.465

mother has medium degree

-0.159

0.549

-0.287

0.659

mother has high degree

-1.249

1.057

-2.695*

1.307

mother has uni degree

-1.020

0.950

-2.240*

1.044

grown up with mother

-3.429*

1.565

-5.770**

1.255

grown up with father

-6.939**

1.968

-9.329**

2.041

grown up with both

3.775

2.154

4.877*

2.063

no. children at parents home

0.232

0.144

0.835**

0.132

LR-statistic

1082.242

1158.070

number of obs.

12922

13064

ovi-test

0.379

0.000