Tobacco and Alcohol: Complements or Substitutes? - A Statistical Guinea Pig Approach

Parameter

Ex. Variable

Coefficient

St. Error

Coefficient

St. Error

γa

fitted smoking

0.100**

0.029

-

-

γc

fitted drinking

-

-

-0.155**

0.050

father monthly drinker

1.854**

0.342

-

-

father weekly drinker

3.417**

0.342

-

-

X

father daily drinker

4.244**

0.348

-

-

δa

mother monthly drinker

3.001**

0.260

-

-

mother weekly drinker

4.540**

0.404

-

-

mother daily drinker

4.418**

0.509

-

-

father ex-smoker

-

-

3.645**

0.433

X

father smoker

-

-

6.501**

0.414

δc

mother ex-smoker

-

-

3.408**

0.482

mother smoker

-

-

6.863**

0.355

constant

8.983**

2.797

-20.285**

3.891

year 1986

-2.010**

0.473

-3.252**

0.505

year 1990

-2.199**

0.407

-4.569**

0.485

year 1992

-6.791**

0.810

-7.480**

0.990

west

-7.834**

0.667

-1.631

0.900

female

-10.451**

0.287

-5.397**

0.690

age

0.917**

0.204

2.776**

0.270

age²/100

-0.817*

0.367

-4.529**

0.467

parents married

0.036

0.413

-1.507**

0.425

parents not married but together

-2.098

2.333

-0.979

2.119

β

father has low degree

0.822*

0.343

0.113

0.499

father has medium degree

0.591

0.434

0.848

0.570

father has high degree

-0.125

0.733

0.680

0.944

father has uni degree

1.372**

0.514

0.814

0.735

mother has low degree

-0.114

0.315

-0.129

0.368

mother has medium degree

-0.066

0.391

0.766

0.539

mother has high degree

-0.582

0.740

-1.003

1.136

mother has uni degree

-0.279

0.531

-0.447

0.811

grown up with mother

-1.698

0.920

-4.355**

0.830

grown up with father

-4.192**

1.433

-6.980**

1.698

grown up with both

1.468

1.507

0.825

1.665

no. children at parents home

0.039

0.083

0.540**

0.091

married

-1.262**

0.411

-2.705**

0.504

separated / divorced

-0.441

0.852

3.922**

0.742

widowed

-2.189

2.541

-0.822

3.271

number own children

-0.270

0.241

0.610*

0.267

low school degree

-2.143*

1.020

-2.845**

0.627

medium school degree

-1.402

1.013

-6.199**

0.634

high school degree

-1.040

1.088

-10.738**

0.763

unemployed

2.078*

0.866

5.984**

0.763

part time job

-0.013

0.614

2.384**

0.728

β

full time job

1.743**

0.478

3.948**

0.605

military or civil service

2.143*

0.968

2.821*

1.401

less than a part time job

0.953

1.395

3.886**

1.064

pupil

-4.676**

1.150

-9.174**

0.848

student

0.511

0.699

0.299

0.869

in vocational training

-0.133

0.603

2.934**

0.615

in other kind of training

0.416

0.835

2.346*

0.934

number of persons per household

0.062

0.123

-0.907**

0.163

household income 1000 - 1499 DM

-0.162

0.759

0.339

0.780

household income 1500 - 1999 DM

-1.030

0.691

0.186

0.861

household income 2000 - 2499 DM

-0.598

0.674

-0.266

0.812

household income 2500 - 2999 DM

-0.779

0.624

-0.296

0.860

household income 3000 - 3999 DM

-1.026

0.632

-0.568

0.844

household income 4000 DM and more

-0.108

0.672

0.390

0.870

number of obs.

23195

23746

ovi-test

_____________0.472

0.038