Table 8: Structural model — spec. including potentially endogenous variables
Drinking Smoking
|
Parameter |
Ex. Variable |
Coefficient |
St. Error |
Coefficient |
St. Error |
|
γa |
fitted smoking |
0.100** |
0.029 |
- |
- |
|
γc |
fitted drinking |
- |
- |
-0.155** |
0.050 |
|
father monthly drinker |
1.854** |
0.342 |
- |
- | |
|
father weekly drinker |
3.417** |
0.342 |
- |
- | |
|
X |
father daily drinker |
4.244** |
0.348 |
- |
- |
|
δa |
mother monthly drinker |
3.001** |
0.260 |
- |
- |
|
mother weekly drinker |
4.540** |
0.404 |
- |
- | |
|
mother daily drinker |
4.418** |
0.509 |
- |
- | |
|
father ex-smoker |
- |
- |
3.645** |
0.433 | |
|
X |
father smoker |
- |
- |
6.501** |
0.414 |
|
δc |
mother ex-smoker |
- |
- |
3.408** |
0.482 |
|
mother smoker |
- |
- |
6.863** |
0.355 | |
|
constant |
8.983** |
2.797 |
-20.285** |
3.891 | |
|
year 1986 |
-2.010** |
0.473 |
-3.252** |
0.505 | |
|
year 1990 |
-2.199** |
0.407 |
-4.569** |
0.485 | |
|
year 1992 |
-6.791** |
0.810 |
-7.480** |
0.990 | |
|
west |
-7.834** |
0.667 |
-1.631 |
0.900 | |
|
female |
-10.451** |
0.287 |
-5.397** |
0.690 | |
|
age |
0.917** |
0.204 |
2.776** |
0.270 | |
|
age2/100 |
-0.817* |
0.367 |
-4.529** |
0.467 | |
|
parents married |
0.036 |
0.413 |
-1.507** |
0.425 | |
|
parents not married but together |
-2.098 |
2.333 |
-0.979 |
2.119 | |
|
β |
father has low degree |
0.822* |
0.343 |
0.113 |
0.499 |
|
father has medium degree |
0.591 |
0.434 |
0.848 |
0.570 | |
|
father has high degree |
-0.125 |
0.733 |
0.680 |
0.944 | |
|
father has uni degree |
1.372** |
0.514 |
0.814 |
0.735 | |
|
mother has low degree |
-0.114 |
0.315 |
-0.129 |
0.368 | |
|
mother has medium degree |
-0.066 |
0.391 |
0.766 |
0.539 | |
|
mother has high degree |
-0.582 |
0.740 |
-1.003 |
1.136 | |
|
mother has uni degree |
-0.279 |
0.531 |
-0.447 |
0.811 | |
|
grown up with mother |
-1.698 |
0.920 |
-4.355** |
0.830 | |
|
grown up with father |
-4.192** |
1.433 |
-6.980** |
1.698 | |
|
grown up with both |
1.468 |
1.507 |
0.825 |
1.665 | |
|
no. children at parents home |
0.039 |
0.083 |
0.540** |
0.091 | |
|
married |
-1.262** |
0.411 |
-2.705** |
0.504 | |
|
separated / divorced |
-0.441 |
0.852 |
3.922** |
0.742 | |
|
widowed |
-2.189 |
2.541 |
-0.822 |
3.271 | |
|
number own children |
-0.270 |
0.241 |
0.610* |
0.267 | |
|
low school degree |
-2.143* |
1.020 |
-2.845** |
0.627 | |
|
medium school degree |
-1.402 |
1.013 |
-6.199** |
0.634 | |
|
high school degree |
-1.040 |
1.088 |
-10.738** |
0.763 | |
|
unemployed |
2.078* |
0.866 |
5.984** |
0.763 | |
|
part time job |
-0.013 |
0.614 |
2.384** |
0.728 | |
|
β |
full time job |
1.743** |
0.478 |
3.948** |
0.605 |
|
military or civil service |
2.143* |
0.968 |
2.821* |
1.401 | |
|
less than a part time job |
0.953 |
1.395 |
3.886** |
1.064 | |
|
pupil |
-4.676** |
1.150 |
-9.174** |
0.848 | |
|
student |
0.511 |
0.699 |
0.299 |
0.869 | |
|
in vocational training |
-0.133 |
0.603 |
2.934** |
0.615 | |
|
in other kind of training |
0.416 |
0.835 |
2.346* |
0.934 | |
|
number of persons per household |
0.062 |
0.123 |
-0.907** |
0.163 | |
|
household income 1000 - 1499 DM |
-0.162 |
0.759 |
0.339 |
0.780 | |
|
household income 1500 - 1999 DM |
-1.030 |
0.691 |
0.186 |
0.861 | |
|
household income 2000 - 2499 DM |
-0.598 |
0.674 |
-0.266 |
0.812 | |
|
household income 2500 - 2999 DM |
-0.779 |
0.624 |
-0.296 |
0.860 | |
|
household income 3000 - 3999 DM |
-1.026 |
0.632 |
-0.568 |
0.844 | |
|
household income 4000 DM and more |
-0.108 |
0.672 |
0.390 |
0.870 | |
|
number of obs. |
23195 |
23746 | |||
|
ovi-test |
_____________0.472 |
0.038 |
Notes: ** significant at the the 1% level; * significant at the the 5% level; bootstrapped
st. errors (100 repetitions); “ovi-test” indicates p-values for testing over-identifying restrictions.
31