Design and investigation of scalable multicast recursive protocols for wired and wireless ad hoc networks

up of multicast tree only at the start stage (exactly, the searching for first level BNRs from
the source), and BNRs will take the responsibility of the update and maintenance of the
remained part of the multicast tree. This means the operations of joining or leaving are
always implemented locally, i.e., being done between the destination triggering the join/
leave and its closest BNRs in existing multicast tree. Therefore, no remarkable join /leave
latency will be incurred in SReM.

Table 4.3 summarises the cost analysis of SReM, Xcast, Xcast+, SEM, HBH and REUNITE
schemes. SReM, SEM, HBH and REUNITE have control plane against the Xcast and
Xcast+, their cost of packet header processing is minimised. It is clear that SReM is the one
with the most advantages. Furthermore, compared to SEM, SReM has less control overhead
and lower join and leave latency. This will be confirmed by simulation in the following
section.

Table 4.3 Cost analysis of SReM, SEM, HBH, REUNITE, Xcast and Xcast+

	Xcast	Xcast+	SEM	SReM	HBH	REUNITE
Multicast address allocation	none	medium	medium	medium	medium	none
Multicast routing state management	none	low	low	low	medium	medium
Control overhead	none	medium	medium	low	medium	medium
Overhead by increase of receivers	high	low	low	low	medium	high
Extra header processing overhead	^Hιgh	medium	low	low	low	low
Deployment	Low	low	low	low	low	low
Join and leave latency	high	high	high	low	medium	medium

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