The name is absent

Chapter 4

increases. At the same pH, adding silicate can make kaolinite more water-wet
than adding NaOH. Below pH 10.0, water-wet fraction of kaolinite increases
rapidly as pH increases. At pH 10.0, water-wet fractions of kaolinite adding NaOH
or Na2SiO3 are 70% and 84%, respectively. Above pH 10.0, water-wet fraction
increases slowly as pH increases and reaches plateau. Water/ crude oil system
with high pH will form O∕W emulsion spontaneously, which should be avoided in
emulsion separation process. Hence pH 10.0 is upper bound for employing
wettability change using NaOH or Na₂SiO₃ in separation process.

♦ Adding NaOH
¹°8     8.5     9     9.5    10    10.5   11    11.5    12

pH

Figure 4.5 Water-wet fraction of kaolinite with 100 ppm naphthenate adding
NaOH/ Na₂SiO₃ at different pH

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