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Table B1. Influence of Non-Representative Samples in the World Values Survey

Dependent variable:

Sample:

Life Satisfaction

Happiness

Representative samples All observations

Representative samples All

observations

Panel 1: Comparisons between countries, coefficient on log real GDP per capita

(Comparison of results in Table 1 with the full sample)

1981-84 wave

0.498*

0.510**

0.569**

*0.596***

(0.252)

(0.230)

(0.230)

(0.193)

1989-93 wave

***0.558***          *

**0.210***

***0.708***

**0.260**

(0.096)

(0.073)

(0.123)

(0.098)

1994-99 wave

***0.462***          *

**0.323***

***0.354***

***0.214***

(0.051)

(0.069)

(0.058)

(0.069)

1999-2004 wave

***0.346***          *

**0.347***

0.126*

*0.0125*

(0.046)

(0.045)

(0.073)

(0.072)

Combined, with

***0.398***          *

**0.318***

***0.244***

***0.181***

wave fixed effects

(0.040)

(0.052)

(0.063)

(0.063)

Panel 2: Comparisons within countries, coefficient on log household income, controlling for country fixed effects

(Comparison of results in Table 2 with the full sample)

1981-84 wave

0.199***

0.199***

0.281***

*0.281***

(0.022)

(0.022)

(0.023)

(0.023)

1989-93 wave

***0.153***          *

**0.145***

***0.188***

***0.190***

(0.011)

(0.010)

(0.013)

(0.011)

1994-99 wave

***0.243***          *

**0.250***

***0.209***

***0.217***

(0.013)

(0.012)

(0.013)

(0.013)

1999-2004 wave

***0.286***          *

**0.274***

***0.248***

***0.245***

(0.007)

(0.007)

(0.008)

(0.008)

Combined, with

***0.249***          *

**0.237***

***0.234***

***0.231***

country × wave effects

(0.007)

(0.007)

(0.008)

(0.008)

Panel 3: Comparisons between countries and over time, coefficient on log real GDP per capita

(Comparison of results in Table 3 with the full sample)

Levels

0.414***

0.339***

0.230***

*0.181***

(0.041)

(0.053)

(0.064)

(0.061)

Levels with country

***0.301***

0.151

***0.363***

**0.283**

fixed effects

(0.091)

(0.136)

(0.131)

(0.128)

Levels w/ country &

***0.552***

*0.253*

0.216

0.009

wave fixed effects

(0.118)

(0.192)

(0.187)

(0.170)

Short differences

***0.596***          *

**0.407***

0.215

0.081

(0.082)

(0.122)

(0.136)

(0.122)

Long differences

***0.314***

0.172

0.114

-0.025

(0.072)

(0.118)

(0.103)

(0.117)

Notes: Table reports results of regressions of well-being on the indicated income variable, both in the nationally-representative World Values
Survey samples analyzed in the main text and in the entire sample. Numbers in parentheses are robust standard errors. Asterisks indicate
statistically significant from zero at the *10 percent, **5 percent, and ***1 percent level.

Representative samples: Columns 1 and 3 include only nationally representative country-wave samples, yielding 234,093 life satisfaction
respondents (and 228,159 happiness respondents) in 166 (165) country-waves, from 79 countries. Results in the middle panel also require
household income data, reducing sample to 117, 481 (or 117,299) respondents, 93 (94) country-waves, and 59 countries.

All observations: Columns 2 and 4 include all country-waves, including non-nationally representative samples described in this appendix. This
broader sample yields an extra 25,582 satisfaction respondents (and 26,365 happiness respondents), from 17 (18) more country-waves, adding 1,
7, 7, and 2 countries to the satisfaction (and 1, 7, 8, and 2 to the happiness) samples, respectively, in waves 1-4), yielding 13 (14) more short first
differences and 6 (7) more long first differences and resulting in a total sample of 82 countries. Results in the middle panel 2 also require
household income data, and so the broader sample yielded only 9,968 extra satisfaction respondents (and 9,946 extra happiness respondents),
from 6 country-waves for a total of 61 countries.

Panel 1: National well-being index is regressed on log real GDP per capita. The well-being index is calculated in a previous ordered probit
regression of well-being on country
× wave fixed effects. Standard errors are clustered by country. See the notes to table 1 for further details.
Panel 2: Results of ordered probit regressions of respondent-level well-being on log household income, controlling for country fixed effects, or
country
× wave fixed effects plus a quartic in age, gender, their interaction, and indicators for missing age or sex. See notes to table 2 for details.
Panel 3: National well-being index is regressed on log real GDP per capita, pooling together observations from all four waves of the survey.
National well-being index is calculated in a previous ordered probit regression of well-being on country
× wave fixed effects. Standard errors are
clustered by country. See the notes to table 3 for further details.

Tables—11



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