Table B1. Influence of Non-Representative Samples in the World Values Survey
|
Dependent variable: Sample: |
Life Satisfaction |
Happiness Representative samples All observations | ||
|
Representative samples All |
observations | |||
|
Panel 1: Comparisons between countries, coefficient on log real GDP per capita | ||||
|
(Comparison of results in Table 1 with the full sample) | ||||
|
1981-84 wave |
0.498* |
0.510** |
0.569** |
■*0.596*** |
|
(0.252) |
(0.230) |
(0.230) |
(0.193) | |
|
1989-93 wave |
***0.558*** * |
**0.210*** |
***0.708*** |
**0.260** |
|
(0.096) |
(0.073) |
(0.123) |
(0.098) | |
|
1994-99 wave |
***0.462*** * |
**0.323*** |
***0.354*** |
***0.214*** |
|
(0.051) |
(0.069) |
(0.058) |
(0.069) | |
|
1999-2004 wave |
***0.346*** * |
**0.347*** |
0.126* |
*0.0125* |
|
(0.046) |
(0.045) |
(0.073) |
(0.072) | |
|
Combined, with |
***0.398*** * |
**0.318*** |
***0.244*** |
***0.181*** |
|
wave fixed effects |
(0.040) |
(0.052) |
(0.063) |
(0.063) |
|
Panel 2: Comparisons within countries, coefficient on log household income, controlling for country fixed effects | ||||
|
(Comparison of results in Table 2 with the full sample) | ||||
|
1981-84 wave |
0.199*** |
0.199*** |
0.281*** |
■*0.281*** |
|
(0.022) |
(0.022) |
(0.023) |
(0.023) | |
|
1989-93 wave |
***0.153*** * |
**0.145*** |
***0.188*** |
***0.190*** |
|
(0.011) |
(0.010) |
(0.013) |
(0.011) | |
|
1994-99 wave |
***0.243*** * |
**0.250*** |
***0.209*** |
***0.217*** |
|
(0.013) |
(0.012) |
(0.013) |
(0.013) | |
|
1999-2004 wave |
***0.286*** * |
**0.274*** |
***0.248*** |
***0.245*** |
|
(0.007) |
(0.007) |
(0.008) |
(0.008) | |
|
Combined, with |
***0.249*** * |
**0.237*** |
***0.234*** |
***0.231*** |
|
country × wave effects |
(0.007) |
(0.007) |
(0.008) |
(0.008) |
|
Panel 3: Comparisons between countries and over time, coefficient on log real GDP per capita | ||||
|
(Comparison of results in Table 3 with the full sample) | ||||
|
Levels |
0.414*** |
0.339*** |
0.230*** |
■*0.181*** |
|
(0.041) |
(0.053) |
(0.064) |
(0.061) | |
|
Levels with country |
***0.301*** |
0.151 |
***0.363*** |
**0.283** |
|
fixed effects |
(0.091) |
(0.136) |
(0.131) |
(0.128) |
|
Levels w/ country & |
***0.552*** |
*0.253* |
0.216 |
0.009 |
|
wave fixed effects |
(0.118) |
(0.192) |
(0.187) |
(0.170) |
|
Short differences |
***0.596*** * |
**0.407*** |
0.215 |
0.081 |
|
(0.082) |
(0.122) |
(0.136) |
(0.122) | |
|
Long differences |
***0.314*** |
0.172 |
0.114 |
-0.025 |
|
(0.072) |
(0.118) |
(0.103) |
(0.117) | |
Notes: Table reports results of regressions of well-being on the indicated income variable, both in the nationally-representative World Values
Survey samples analyzed in the main text and in the entire sample. Numbers in parentheses are robust standard errors. Asterisks indicate
statistically significant from zero at the *10 percent, **5 percent, and ***1 percent level.
Representative samples: Columns 1 and 3 include only nationally representative country-wave samples, yielding 234,093 life satisfaction
respondents (and 228,159 happiness respondents) in 166 (165) country-waves, from 79 countries. Results in the middle panel also require
household income data, reducing sample to 117, 481 (or 117,299) respondents, 93 (94) country-waves, and 59 countries.
All observations: Columns 2 and 4 include all country-waves, including non-nationally representative samples described in this appendix. This
broader sample yields an extra 25,582 satisfaction respondents (and 26,365 happiness respondents), from 17 (18) more country-waves, adding 1,
7, 7, and 2 countries to the satisfaction (and 1, 7, 8, and 2 to the happiness) samples, respectively, in waves 1-4), yielding 13 (14) more short first
differences and 6 (7) more long first differences and resulting in a total sample of 82 countries. Results in the middle panel 2 also require
household income data, and so the broader sample yielded only 9,968 extra satisfaction respondents (and 9,946 extra happiness respondents),
from 6 country-waves for a total of 61 countries.
Panel 1: National well-being index is regressed on log real GDP per capita. The well-being index is calculated in a previous ordered probit
regression of well-being on country × wave fixed effects. Standard errors are clustered by country. See the notes to table 1 for further details.
Panel 2: Results of ordered probit regressions of respondent-level well-being on log household income, controlling for country fixed effects, or
country × wave fixed effects plus a quartic in age, gender, their interaction, and indicators for missing age or sex. See notes to table 2 for details.
Panel 3: National well-being index is regressed on log real GDP per capita, pooling together observations from all four waves of the survey.
National well-being index is calculated in a previous ordered probit regression of well-being on country × wave fixed effects. Standard errors are
clustered by country. See the notes to table 3 for further details.
Tables—11