5th and 8th grade pupils’ and teachers’ perceptions of the relationships between teaching methods, classroom ethos, and positive affective attitudes towards learning mathematics in Japan

Always

Nearly
Always

Some

Times

Hardly
Ever

Never

Practical work: Doing practical work
in a small group, for example,
making something together, doing
experiments or investigation. _______

Using a computer

Reading a textbook: Reading about
something, for instance,
explanations in textbooks.____________

Teacher explanation: Listening to the
teacher explaining to the class and the
teacher asking the class questions.

Individual work: Doing individual work
such as doing exercises.

Individual help: Talking to the teacher
on your own about your work.________

Whole-class discussion: Whole-class
discussion where you give
ideas and you listen to others giving
theirs._____________________________________

Group discussion: Small-group
discussion where you give your ideas
and you listen to others giving
theirs._____________________________________

Practical
work

Using a
computer

Reading a
textbook

Teacher
explanation

Individual

Work____

Individual
help______

Whole-das
discussion

Group
discussion